Urubuga rw’intiti: Uko amateka y’Ubushinwa aha umurongo uburyo perezida Xi Jinping abona isi

Ubushyamirane hagati y’Ubushinwa na Taiwan buri gututumba butuma Ubushinwa bwongera kwibazwaho, benshi bibaza aho Perezida Xi Jinping abona igihugu cye ku rwego rw’isi. Gusa birashoboka ko ahahise hari icyo herekana, nk’uko byandikwa na Rana Mitter, umwalimu muri kaminuza ya Oxford.

Ubushinwa ubu ni igihugu cy’igihangange ku isi, ibintu byari kure gutekereza mu myaka ibarirwa muri mirongo micye ishize.

Ingufu zabwo rimwe na rimwe ziva mu bufatanye n’isi, nko gusinya amasezerano ya Paris ku ihindagurika ry’ikirere.

Ubundi zikava mu guhatana n’isi, nko mu mushinga wa Belt and Road Initiative, ihuriro ry’imishinga y’ubwubatsi mu bihugu birenga 60 yajyanye ishoramari mu bice byinshi by’isi ritarimo amadeni y’ibihugu by’iburengerazuba.

Gusa Ubushinwa bugumana imvugo irimo gushyamirana cyane n’ibihugu by’iburengerazuba.

Beijing yamagana Washington gushaka “kwigabiza” Ubushinwa iciye mu masezerano mashya y’amato y’intambara yo munsi y’inyanja ya AUKUS (Australia-UK-US), ikaburira Ubwongereza ko buzabona “ingaruka” zo gucumbikira abanya-Hong Kong bahunga kubera amategeko akarishye y’umutekano, kandi yabwiye Taiwan ko igomba kwitegura kugarurwa ku Bushinwa vuba.

Perezida Xi Jinping yashyize iki gihugu mu mwanya ukomeye kurushaho ku isi kurusha abamubanjirije kuva kuri Mao Zedong, umutegetsi w’Ubushinwa ukomeye mu gihe cy’intambara y’ubutita.

Imvugo ze zifite inkomoko hambere kurushaho – urebye mu mateka y’Ubushinwa, aya vuba aha n’aya cyera.

Ibi ni ibintu bitanu bibyemrekana:

1.Uburyo bwa Confisius

Mu myaka irenga 2,000 ishize imitekerereze ya Confusius niyo igenga sosiyete y’Ubsuhinwa. Uyu muhanga mu mitekerereze (philosopher) yubatse uburyo bw’imibereho burimo urukurikirane, aho abantu bamenya umwanya wabo muri sosiyete, n’ibyo abari mu myanya yo hejuru baba bitezweho n’abo hasi.

Ibi byaremewe cyane uko imyaka yagiye ishira, byubakirwaho n’ubutegetsi bw’Ubushinwa kugeza ku mpinduramatwara mu 1911, ubwo guhirika umwami w’abami wa nyuma byatumye hari abarwanya imitekerereze ya Confusius n’umurage we barimo abahezanguni bo mu ishyaka rishya rya gikomunisti.

Umwe muri abo bakomunisti ni Mao Zedong, yanze cyane ‘philosophie’ ya cyera y’Ubushinwa mu gihe cy’ubutegetsi bwe (1949 – 1976).

Ariko mu myaka ya 1980, Confusius yagarutse muri sosiyete y’Ubushinwa, aratwa na rya shyaka rya gikomunisti nk’umuntu w’umuhanga ufite amasomo yo guha Ubushinwa bw’igihe gishya.

Uyu munsi, Ubushinwa bwizihiza “kubana neza” (hexie) nk’indangagaciro, kandi ni ikintu bakura kuri Confusius. Ikindi kivugwaho cyane ni uburyo ijambo “gufasha abandi” (ren), naryo bakomora kuri Confusius, riha umurongo politiki ya Beijing mu mibanire n’isi yo hanze.

Professor Yan Xuetong wo muri kaminuza ya Tsinghua yanditse uburyo Ubushinwa bukwiye gushaka “ubutegetsi bufasha abandi” aho gushaka “kujya hejuru y’abandi”, bugakora itandukaniro na Amerika abona nk’itifitemo gufasha abandi.

Yewe n’igitekerezo cya Xi Jinping cy’ “umuryango w’isi w’igeno (destiny) rimwe” ukomora iyo ngingo kuri philosophy ya cyera – ndetse Xi yasuye agace ka Qufu Confusius yavukiyemo kandi asubiramo muri rubanda imvugo yasize avuze.

2.Ikinyejana cyo gukozwa isoni

Amateka y’intambara zo mu kinyejana cya 19 n’icya 20 aracyatuma Ubushinwa bugira uko bubona isi.

Intambara za Opium zo hagati mu kinyejana cya 19 zatumye abacuruzi bo mu burengerazuba bafungura imiryango y’Ubushinwa ku ngufu.

Igihe kinini cyo kuva mu 1840 kugeza mu 1940 kizwi nk'”ikinyejana cyo gukozwa isoni”, igihe kibi cyerekanye intege nke z’Ubushinwa imbere y’ubushotoranyi bw’Uburayi n’Ubuyapani.

Muri icyo gihe, byabaye ngombwa ko Ubushinwa buha Hong Kong Ubwongereza, agace k’amajyaruguru y’uburasirazuba ka Manchuria bugaha Ubuyapani, bunemera amasezerano menshi aha inyungu ibihugu by’iburengerazuba. Nyuma y’iyo ntambara, URSS nazo zagerageje kugira ijambo ku mipaka y’Ubushinwa, harimo Manchuria na Xinjiang.

Ibi byose byatumye Abashinwa bahorana urwicyekwe ku migambi y’abasigaye ku isi.

Yewe n’igihe Ubushinwa bwinjiraga muri World Trade Organization mu 2001 ntibyakiriwe neza mu gihugu aho byabibukije “amasezerano y’akarenganyo” ubwo Ubushinwa bwategekwaga n’abanyamahanga – ibintu Ishyaka rya gikomunisti ryarahiriye ko bitazongera.

Mu kwezi kwa gatatu uyu mwaka, mu biganiro bifunguye hagati y’abahuza b’Abashinwa n’Abanyamerika i Anchorage muri leta ya Alaska, Abanyamerika banenze Ubushinwa maze nabwo buhita bushinja aba bakiriye ibiganiro “uburyarya”.

Ubushinwa bwa Xi ntibwihanganira igitekerezo icyo aricyo cyose cy’umunyamahanga cyo kurebera hasi igihugu cyabo.

3. Inshuti yibagiranye

Gusa, mu bintu bibi cyane hari ubwo bitanga ubutumwa bwinshi bwiza.

Bumwe muri bwo buva mu gihe cy’intambara ya kabiri y’isi mu Bushinwa, aho bwonyine bwarwanyije Ubuyapani nyuma y’uko bubateye mu 1937, mbere y’uko ingabo z’iburengerazuba (Allies) zinjira mu ntambara ya Aziya kuri Pearl Harbor mu 1941.

Muri iyo myaka, Ubushinwa bwatakaje abantu barenga miliyoni 10 nabwo bufatira mu Bushinwa abasirikare b’Abayapani barenga igice cya miliyoni, igikowa kiratwa mu bitabo by’amateka, filimi, no kuri za televiziyo.

Uyu munsi, Ubushinwa bwifata nk’abafatanyije mu gutsinda abategetsi b’aba-fascist buri kumwe na Amerika, Ubwongereza na URSS, bugahora bwibutsa uruhare rwabwo rukomeye mu gutsinda iyo ntambara.

Ubushinwa kandi bushingira ku ruhare rwabwo rukomeye nk’ubwari buyoboye Third World/Tiers-Monde mu gihe cya Mao (urugero ni nko mu nama ya Bandung mu 1955, no mu mishinga nk’uwo kubaka gariyamoshi ya TanZam muri Africa y’iburasirazuba mu myaka ya 1970) bukavuga ko n’ubu buyoboye isi mu bihugu bitari iby’iburengerazuba.

Amateka ya vuba ni ikintu gikomeye cy’uburyo ishyaka rya gikomusti ritegeka Ubushinwa rifata umurage waryo. Ariko igice cy’ayo mateka – nk’inzara ikomeye yatewe na politiki mbi z’ubukungu mu 1958 – 1962 ni amateka urebye atavugwa mu Bushinwa uyu munsi.

Amateka y’intambara za vuba aha nazo ni indi ngingo. Ubushyamirane bushingiye ku bukungu bwabaye mu mwaka ushize hagati ya Amerika n’Ubushinwa bwibukije intambara yo muri Korea mu myaka ya 1950 – intambara Abashinwa bahaye izina – “Intambara yo kurwanya Amerika”.

4. Karl Marx

Amateka y’ibitekerezo bya Karl Marx na Lenin (Marxism-Leninism) ni ikindi imitekerereze ya politiki Ubushinwa yubakiyeho, kandi yakomeje kugarurwa cyane na Xi Jinping.

Mu kinyejana cyose cya 20, Mao Zedong n’abandi bategetsi bakomeye ba gikomunisti bajyaga impaka kuri Marxism n’ingaruka zikomeye zayo.

Urugero, ingingo ya “kubaho neza kw’icyiciro” yatumye hicwa miliyoni y’abari bafite ibikingi mu myaka ya mbere y’ubutegetsi bwa Mao.

Nubwo “ibyiciro” byavuye mu buryo bwo gusobanura sosiyete, n’ubu imvugo ya politiki mu Bushinwa iracyashingiye ku bitekerezo byo “guhatana”, “kurushanwa” n’ibijyanye na ‘socialism’ bitandukanye na ‘capitalism’.

Ibinyamakuru bikomeye, nk’icy’ishyaka cyitwa Qiushi, kenshi bijya impaka ku “ibinyuranya sosiyete y’Ubushinwa” mu magambo avanwa cyane mu bitekerezo bya Karl Marx.

Perezida Xi avuga ko kurushanwa na Amerika ari urugamba rufite ishingiro mu buryo Karl Marx avuga kurushanwa.

5. Taiwan

Beijing ishimangira ko Taiwan ari ikirwa cyayo kigomba guhuzwa vuba n’igihugu.

Nyamara ikinyejana gishize cy’amateka ya Taiwan cyerekana ko ibyacyo byagiye bigenda bikongera bikagaruka muri politiki y’Ubushinwa.

Mu 1895, nyuma y’intambara ikomeye n’Ubuyapani, byabaye ngombwa ko Ubushinwa burekura Taiwan, ihinduka koloni y’Ubuyapani mu myaka 50 yakurikiyeho.

Nyuma Taiwan yasubijwe ku bushinwa igihe gito hagati ya 1945 na 1949.

Ku bwa Mao, Ubushinwa bwabuze amahirwe yo kugarura Taiwan, ubutegetsi bwa Harry Truman muri Amerika bwashoboraga kureka Mao akayifata, kugeza Repubulika ya Rubanda y’Ubushinwa yinjiye mu ntambara y’Abanyakoreya ya ruguru bateye ab’iy’Epfo mu 1950, bitangiza intambara ya Korea bihita bituma Taiwan iba inshuti y’ingenzi ya Amerika mu ntambara y’ubutita.

Mao yagabye ibitero ku mbibi za Taiwan mu 1958, ariko yirengagiza ako karere mu myaka 20 nyuma yaho.

Ubwo Ubushinwa na Amerika byari bisubiranyije umubano mu 1979, habaye amasezerano atoroshye y’impande zombi ko impande zombi zemeye ko hariho Ubushinwa Bumwe, ariko ntibumvikana niba Taiwan ari repubulika yemewe.

Imyaka 40 nyuma yaho, Xi Jinping aravuga ko guhuza Taiwan n’Ubushinwa bigomba gukora vuba, mu gihe amagambo akomeye hamwe n’igeno rya Hong Kong byatumye Taiwan iba ikibazo kurushaho mu mibanire n’Ubushinwa.

Professor Rana Mitter yigisha muri Oxford University aho yibanda ku mateka na politiki by’Ubushinwa bw’iki gihe. Igitabo cye giheruka ni China’s Good War: How World War II Is Shaping a New Nationalism